Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law
Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law is an official journal of the University of Rajshahi that publishes research articles by teachers and researchers of the faculties/institutes (Arts, Law and Fine Arts) concerned as well as those from outside of the University.
Abu Tammam, an influential Arab poet of the Abbasid era, is best known for his masterpiece, the Diwan Hamasa. Born in Syria in the 9th century CE, Abu Tammam displayed exceptional poetic talent from a young age. His Diwan Hamasa is a collection of poems that celebrates courage, heroism, and noble virtues, recounting the lives and exploits of legendary Arab warriors and chieftains. The Diwan Hamasa stands as a testament to Abu Tammam's poetic brilliance and his ability to evoke deep emotions through his verses. It pays homage to the rich history and traditions of the Arab people, highlighting the values of loyalty, sacrifice, and resilience. Abu Tammam's mastery of language and his skillful use of metaphors and rhythmic structures set a new standard for poetic excellence, shaping the development of Arabic literature and influencing generations of poets. Even centuries after his passing, Abu Tammam's Diwan Hamasa remains an enduring testament to the power of poetry to capture the essence of human experience and elevate it to the realm of art. Its verses continue to inspire and resonate with readers, carrying the spirit of heroism and honor across generations.
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The Nature of Wahi in Islam and Judaism: A Comparative Review
This comparative review examines the concept of Wahi (revelation) in Islam and Judaism, exploring its nature, process, and theological significance in both traditions. In Islam, Wahi is central to the belief in God's guidance through prophets, with the Qur'an being the ultimate manifestation of this revelation. Judaism also emphasizes divine communication, primarily through the Torah and the role of prophets, although the nature and medium of these revelations differ in key aspects from Islamic views. The study highlights similarities, such as the belief in a transcendent God communicating His will, and contrasts in understanding the method and scope of revelation. The article further delves into the historical development of prophetic traditions and the role of scripture in shaping religious law and practice in both faiths. By comparing the theological nuances of Wahi, this review aims to offer deeper insights into the shared and unique features of these Abrahamic faiths.
The eulogy of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in Andalusian Arabic poetry represents a rich literary tradition that flourished in medieval Muslim Spain, known as Al-Andalus. This abstract delves into the nuanced expressions of reverence and admiration for the Prophet within the vibrant tapestry of Andalusian Arabic poetry. Andalusian poets, deeply steeped in Islamic spirituality and poetic sophistication, crafted verses that exalted the character, virtues, and teachings of Prophet Muhammad. Through intricate linguistic devices, vivid imagery, and profound symbolism, they portrayed the Prophet as the embodiment of divine guidance, mercy, and wisdom, drawing inspiration from the Quranic revelations and Hadith literature. Andalusian poets employed various poetic forms such as zajals, muwashshahat, and kharjas to express their devotion to the Prophet, each characterized by its unique rhythmic patterns and literary conventions. These poems not only celebrated the spiritual significance of Prophet Muhammad but also served as moral beacons, advocating for justice, compassion, and ethical conduct in society. The article will highlight on the Arabic poetry in Spain and origin and development of Eulogy in this era.
মাক্কী ও মাদানী যুগে যাকাত: আল-কুরআনের আলোকে একটি পর্যালোচনা
Allah Ta'ala has sent numerous Prophets and Messengers throughout the ages with the aim of enlightening the misguided mankind with the light of guidance. After that, various heavenly texts were revealed to them. Among these books, the best and greatest book is Al-Qur'anul Kareem. The book was revealed by Allah Ta'ala in accordance with the needs of His beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) during the long twenty-three years of his prophetic life. As a result, certain laws of Islam were revealed at Makkah and some laws were revealed at Madinah. Zakat, one of the pillars of Islam, was also revealed in both the Makki and Madani eras. That is, some laws were revealed in Makkah before the migration of the Prophet (PBUH) and some laws were introduced in Madinah after the migration. So the scholars are on difference of opinion that whether the law of Zakat being obligatory was revealed in Makkah or Madinah. In this article, an attempt has been made to review the verses related to Zakat revealed in the Makki and Madani period.
নিস্তারিণী দেবীর সেকেলে কথা: উনিশ শতকের নারী জীবনের দাহনযন্ত্রণা
The 19th century is quite significant in reviewing the history of the progress of Bengali women in undivided India. The caste system, the practice of Sati, the practice of child marriage, the practice of male polygamy, illiteracy, superstition, the dominance of feudal values, and the indifference of society and family towards women's education were the characteristics of that era. However, through the introduction of education and various social reform programs, Indian social reformers tried to enlighten the women of Bengal. This article pays special attention to the statements made by women about their own social status about themselves and other women in their own eyes. Although most of the Bengali uneducated women at this time were less aware of themselves. However, there were some women who opened up about their situation and expressed some things in their memoirs. Which were later published. Nistarini Devi is one such woman, whose memoirs were published under the name 'Sekele Katha'. Here she talked about her personal life, experiences and various issues of society. Sometimes she also expressed her opinions on various customs of society. In this article, I have tried to shed light on the harsh reality of Nistarini Devi's own life, the position of women in 19th century Bengal, social evils and the role of social reformers with the help of her memoirs. I have highlighted the social context of the time by showing the reactions of other contemporary Bengali women in these discussions. The main purpose of this article is to raise and explain these issues.
The Agony of Women’s Lives in the 19th Century
The Mahabharata is considered an epic, but its historical value is undeniable. The narrative, which has long been studied as an aural scripture, traces the history of Indian civilization from its inception to the development of urban life. In this sense, the structure of the social system of that time has been detailed in the book. One of the phases of this transitional period of society is the ‘Varnashram’ custom. Which is a combination of the words ‘Varna’ and ‘Ashram’ have both literal and philosophical meanings. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras– the four classes in this case, refer to ‘Varna’, and ‘Ashram’ means the four stages of caste-centered lifestyle: Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha and Sannyas. The social system of that time was regulated through this system. In this context, the Mahabharata is one of the principal sources of Indian social records. This essay, therefore, aims to analyze the social systems evolved through castes and ashrams over time with reference to the Mahabharata.
The Society of the Mahabharata: Caste and Social Order
দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধে তুস্কের নিরপেক্ষতা ও বৃহৎ শক্তির চাপ
The official name of Turkiye is the Republic of Turkiye. Turkiye is an important country in terms of geographical location. Turkiye comprises the entirety of the Anatolian Peninsula in south-west Asia and parts of the Southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula in south-east Europe. This area was very important from the point of view of military location. Throughout the history of human civilization, Turkiye has served as a bridge for the movement of people between Asia and Europe. Turkiye was a neutral country at the beginning of the Second World War. Because of its strategic importance, both the Allies and the Central Powers sought to recruit Turkiye to their side at the start of the Second World War. At that time, the Allies and Axis Powers invested in Turkiye to attract the country to their side. The Turkish general public and military officials were unwilling to participate in the Second World War. So it can be said that Turkiye was completely neutral in the Second World War. Turkiye did not participate in any groups.
রবীন্দ্রযুগের চার কবি: উপনিবেশিত মনের অন্বেষা
Initiated by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio in the first half of the 19th century, Anglo-Bangla poetry acquired a thoroughly colonial form in the second half of the 19th century. Michael Madhusudan Dutta and Biharilal Chakraborty later devoted themselves wholeheartedly to the colonial spirit. Rabindranath Tagore was their principal successor. Despite being driven by the West's colonial romantic spirit, he is the greatest poet of the Bangla language at the pinnacle of his creative thoughts and experience. Although he is not comparable to anyone in talent and creative works, several poets became quite famous during their lifetime in the first phase of Rabindra's era, that is, in the second half of the 19th century. Having remarkable expertise in European language and literature, some of them have strengthened the colonial future of Bengali poetry by presenting Western ideas in an Indian context according to the trend of the time. Surendranath Majumdar, Debendranath Sen, Akshay Kumar Baral and Dwijendralal Roy are among those poets with colonial disposition. This article mainly aims to assess the extent of colonization in their thinking.
স্পেনের কবি ইবন যায়দূন ও তাঁর কাব্যে বিষয়বৈচিত্র্য
Muslims ruled Spain for 781 years (711-1492). They established Spain as the center of education, culture, science and civilization in Europe at that time. They contributed to every branch of literature. They embraced Arabic as their spoken and literary language. In that era, numerous poets, writers and scholars made significant contributions to various branches of Arabic literature. Ibn Zaidun is one of the most famous poets of Spain. He is better known as a poet because of his extraordinary contribution to prose as well as poetry. The Poet's life has a significant impact on his poetry. His first love inspired him to write love poems. He showed extraordinary mastery in love poetry. Later, during his imprisonment he sought the favor of the Caliph and contributed to the composition of poems in his praise. One of the notable events his in life is joining politics and becoming a minister. Being a politician and efficient administrator, he held ministerial duties several times. His poetry has impact on the political situation of his time which is remarkable. The nature of Spain is revealed in Ibn Zaidun's poetry. He presents a uniquely simple poetic form combining love with nature. He is called the poet of love and nature as his poems have a wonderful blend of love and nature. His poetry is so rich in rhetoric, art and variety topic that it inspired many western poets. Ibn Zaiduns contribution to Arabic literature in Spain is ever-remembered with dignity and sincerity.
১৯৪৩ সালের বাংলার দুর্ভিক্ষ: আর্থ-সামাজিক সংকট
The Bengal Famine of 1943 was a devastating man-made disaster that resulted in millions of deaths due to starvation, disease, and social upheaval. Triggered by British colonial policies, World War II disruptions, and a series of natural calamities, the famine disproportionately affected the rural population, particularly agricultural laborers and sharecroppers. The British government’s failure to provide adequate food relief and the hoarding of rice by traders exacerbated the crisis. The famine highlighted the vulnerability of Bengal’s economy, which had been suffering from rapid population growth and inadequate agricultural development. Despite external aid offers, the British administration’s negligence and prioritization of military needs over humanitarian concerns contributed to the severity of the disaster.
Conradian East and Gender Dynamics: An Ecofeminist Reading of Conrad’s Almayer’s Folly
The early writings of Conrad, especially his tales like Almayer’s Folly, significantly revolve around an exoticized eastern setting – primarily, the Malay Archipelago – where the interaction between native and foreign characters plays a commanding role. Framing the female characters with alluring, inferior, and oriental attributes, Conrad, wittingly or unwittingly, amalgamates and exoticizes nature and women of the East, depicting them as intertwined and subjugated “Other”. Whereas this paper acknowledges that the act of avoiding Eurocentric binaries on the part of a white writer almost succumbs to a failure, it also speculates Conrad’s conscious effort to disinherit the dominant orientalist zeitgeist. Deciphering the colonial biases that are imposed upon both Eastern women and nature, alongside the ambiguous position of Conrad as a writer, this paper intends to attempt an ecofeminist reading of Conrad’s debut novel, Almayer’s Folly. Through the lens of various strands of ecofeminist thought, this study will be able to add a set of new ideas to the ongoing discussions on gender, ecology, and colonial discourse in colonial literature.
সেভার্স ও লুজান চুক্তি: একটি তুলনামূলক পর্যালোচনা
The treaties of Sevres and Lausanne hold immense significance in the history of Turkey. After World War I, the victorious Allied Powers imposed a humiliating treaty – the treaty of Sevres – on defeated Turkey, which left the country cornered in geographical, political, economic and military terms. In this extremely difficult time for Turkey, Mustafa Kemel Pasha emerged as a savior. Under his leadership, the Turkish nationalist forces rejected the treaty of Sevres and began a movement, which eventually led the Allied Powers, under changing circumstances, to sign the comparatively lenient treaty of Lausanne with Turkey. This was a compromise agreement between the two parties. As a result of this treaty, Turkey was saved from humiliation and disgrace, its rightful claims were realized, and its independence and sovereignty were recognized. The Allied Powers’ diplomacy suffered a defeat and nationalist government dominance was established in Turkish–populated regions. Upon the ruins of the decaying Ottoman Empire, the modern Republic of Turkey was built.
English Legal Terminologies in Bengali: Convergence and Divergence in Equivalence
The formation of English legal terminologies in Bengali began as a colonial project during the late 18th century in Bengal, and this terminographic process is advanced with the help of the Bengali writers, lexicographers, terminologists and authoritative language institutions. The objective of this paper is to explore convergence and divergence of English legal terminologies in Bengali in the context of equivalence relations against the backdrop of lexicography, terminography and translation studies. The study is a qualitative research under a descriptive framework based on content analysis and critical interpretive analysis of a range of legal terminologies in English and their equivalents or counterparts in Bengali. This study addresses the question of whether and how language contact with its transliteration and translation strategies actuates convergence and divergence phenomena between the two languages in a particular domain. The findings show that equivalence relations of English legal terminologies in Bengali have changed with historical trajectories, sociolinguistic realities and cultural dimensions of the Bengali legal language and its development.
Convergence and Divergence in Equivalence
হুনায়ন ইবন ইসহাক: অনুবাদকর্ম ও চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানে তাঁর অবদান
Hunayn ibn Ishaq was a Nestorian Christian scholar and scientist from Hirat. He was also an eminent translator of the Abbasid period. The translation work of ‘Baitul Hikma’ was carried out under his supervision. Due to which he was awarded the title of ‘Sheikh of Translators’. His contribution to the Arabization of Greek science has left the world forever indebted. Although he had a reputation as a translator, he was also a medical scientist. He has made significant contributions to the field of ophthalmology by writing books. Hunain established himself as a knowledgeable, reliable and skilled translator through hard work. Travelling widely, he collected an informative collection of Greek manuscripts. Later, in translating those manuscripts, he tried with great care to translate them in the most informative way, which has made him especially memorable in the pages of history.
The Politics of (In)sanity: Elif Shafak’s The Saint of Incipient Insanities and 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World
What is insanity? Is it only a psychological state or a discourse designed and established as something indubitable, unquestionable to serve the power? Elif Shafak’s novels, The Saint of Incipient Insanities (2004) and 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World (2019) question and re-envision the existing concepts of sanity and insanity. Perhaps insanity is not simply a mental illness disconnected from social and cultural realities and politics. These concepts of sanity and insanity are often hegemonically created and propagated by several dominant groups in different power relations so that the hierarchical unjust structure can function smoothly. Sometimes, the demarcation between sanity and insanity is merely the demarcation between the dominant and the dominated. Insanity can be the result of different kinds of oppression but very often it is only a label for those who are against the grain. Any kind of nonconformity or difference is seen as a potential threat to the existing power-paradigm. Questioning the naturalised conventions, holding different opinions from what are considered as normal/ truth and raising voice against the customary crimes are considered insanity in societies. Whether such actions and responses are insane or it is just the obsession for a uniformed society that tries to label any forms of deviance from the structure as insanity — is the vital question that this paper tries to explore in the light of Shafak’s fiction.
The Saint of Incipient Insanities and 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World
ইতিহাসের মানদণ্ডে আল-ওয়া’দুল হাক্ক: একটি পর্যালোচনা
The Egyptian famous novelist Dr. Taha Hussain’s novel “Al Wadul Haq” was published on 1939 in Bairut. It is an everlasting novel in the history of Arabic literature. This novel is based on historical events of the Islamic era. All the characters in the novel are real and historical. Certain aspects are imagined in the novel. As a result unity, events and dialogues are described. The novel also mentions the brutality of Meccan infidels on Muslims. It describes the emigration of Muslims to Ethiopia and Medina, the Battle of Badr, and beauties of Islamic brotherhood among the Muslims of Medina. Apart from this, the success of the weak, helpless and oppressed Muslims has been correctly expressed. The success of the faithful, the results of God’s promises to them is also highlighted. The novel became very popular with readers and is hailed as an informative novel based on history in Arabic literature. The present time demands an unbiased study to judge the accuracy of the information presented in the novel against the backdrop of history.
Mahmud Darwish (d. 2008 AD) is a renowned figure in modern Arabic literature. He is also considered the poet of resistance in Palestine for his significant poetic contribution to the Palestinian liberation movement and protest against Israeli Jewish aggression. In the 19th century, the Jewish community began to occupy different areas of Palestine from the Arab Muslim citizens. After the announcement of Israel as an independent state in the Mid-20th century they began innumerable atrocities and violence on the Palestinian citizens. Most Palestinian poets and writers are greatly influenced by the Palestine-Israel conflict, especially Mahmoud Darwish. The riveting of freedom from Palestinian people, and pushing thousands of Palestinian citizens into an identity crisis make him concerned, worried, pained and impatient. Being the Palestine issue an important and highly relevant topic to him, he closely observed the Palestine-Israel conflict and impartially tried to present the oppressive views of Israeli government against the Palestinian people in his poems. He also tried to find out the causes which played significant roles in changing the lifestyle of Palestinian citizens during the Israeli violence. In this regard, his poems play a notable contribution and role by giving essential instructions to the nation for taking effective action to stop Israeli oppression in Palestine. Actually, his poem helps the Palestinian people to rise up against Israeli aggression and encourages them to overcome all obstacles and sacrifice themselves to achieve liberation. The main objects of this research are to discuss the real picture of violence against humanity happened in Palestine by the Israeli government and try to analyze the impact of Israeli torture and injustice on the Palestinian people written in the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish. Besides this, another goal of this research is to evaluate his role in resolving the Palestinian-Israeli crisis. This unbiased research work will benefit all the researchers, advanced readers, scholars, and a large number of general people who are interested in Palestine.
Role of the Public Prosecutors in Criminal Proceedings in Bangladesh: A Socio-legal Analysis
Public prosecutors bring criminal charges against people who have been apprehended by the police. The accused is deemed innocent in criminal law until his guilt is established. It is the burden of the prosecutors to establish the guilt of an accused beyond a shadow of a doubt. The Prosecutors are responsible for ensuring justice under the criminal justice system (CJS). Prosecutors are expected to carry out their duties in a fair, honest, and impartial manner. To play a remarkable role in criminal proceedings, prosecutors must be knowledgeable, well-paid, non-corrupt and dedicated to their service. In Bangladesh, many prosecutors lack these essential virtues and therefore justice has been in jeopardy yielding very little positive outcome in favor of victims. The trial phase of the process is made longer by cases that are unresolved for years. Although there are many causes for this ongoing problem with the judiciary, the prosecutor is also held accountable for this. Prosecutors struggle to handle a large number of criminal cases. Withdrawal of a criminal case by the prosecutors is a matter of public concern particularly if it is done without lawful or reasonable grounds. In Bangladesh, prosecutors are here powerless to influence investigation. The majority of prosecutors are chosen based on political considerations. Low conviction rates are also a result of the prosecutors' dishonesty and misconduct. Insincere attitude of the prosecutors, poor service conditions, absence of training program, shortage of manpower and lack of proper monitoring system have all led to prosecution being branded as the ‘weakest link of the CJS of Bangladesh’. Such obstacles to the prosecution system should be removed in order to establish justice under criminal proceedings. If a country's prosecution system is not effective, capable, and reliable, then justice cannot be ensured. The article is an attempt to reviews the role of the public prosecutors in criminal proceedings and identifies some difficulties associated with their activities that need to be solved.
Cultural Transference in Translation: A Study of the English Renderings of Jibanananda Das’ “In Camp” (”ক্যাম্পে”)
Transference is the ‘implantation’ of meanings of the source language into the texts of the target language. In this process, an SL (Source Language) item is used in a TT (Target Text) keeping the SL meanings intact. It may take place when the TL (Target Language) lacks the suitable equivalence of an SL item. This is predictable when culture, geography etc. are in question. Jibanananda Das, a widely read poet nowadays, has enormous capability of using strong, cultural and apparently ‘unfamiliar’ diction along with the thematic inclination of his poetry. These multifaceted dimensions of his poetry pose a challenge for the translators to translate them with fidelity. In other words, the complex layers of his diction compel the translators to ‘borrow’ words from the SL. ÒK¨v‡¤úÓ, translated into English by many as ‘In Camp’, is one of the most notable poems. It raised much criticism even during his own time, and Jibanananda Das had to write an article explaining his own standpoint against all adverse criticism. This poem, however, is replete with diction that has powerful cultural association. ‘Dakhina Batas’, ‘Bosonter Raat’, ‘Hridoyer Bon’, ‘Romhorso’, ‘Horinir Daak’, ‘Foringey-kitey’ etc. in this poem show why transference in translations is inevitable. This paper will explore the English renderings of ÒK¨v‡¤úÓ, and show the transferences of culture and evaluate them. Again, in translation, some equivalent words used for SL items may emotionally offer different meanings. As a result, translation of some transemes may damage the cultural connotation of the ST. This article will also look into this issue.
নাফিস আল-ইয়াযিজী: আরবি অলংকার অভিজ্ঞানে তাঁর অবদান
Shaykh Nasif ibn 'Abdullah al-Yazizi (1800-1871 AD) was one of the architects of the Renaissance movement in the East and a prominent Arabic poet and writer in Syria and Lebanon. Apart from his works on poetry and rhyming prose literature, his works on grammar and ilmul-balagat are particularly notable among the national textbooks. The book 'Iqdul Juman fi Ilmil Bayan' is his famous work on Ilmul-Balagat. The book presents the rules of Balagat in a simple and concise form as well as its application from the Holy Qur'an. Balagat is rhetoric which is a unique beauty of Arabic language. Despite the extensive practice and competition of rhetoric in the pre-Islamic Jahili era, the rhetorical beauty of the Holy Qur'an has outpaced all previous beauties. As a result, the predominance of the example of Balagat or rhetorical rules through the verses of the Holy Qur'an has become predominant. The successful implementation of this has been observed in the book 'Iqdul Juman fi Ilmil Bayan'. Through the book 'Iqdul Juman fi Ilmil Bayan', on the one hand, it has become impossible to master the overall subject matter of Balagat or rhetoric, on the other hand, the subject of the superiority of the Holy Qur'an in the beauty of language has come in front of the reader.
Iqdul Juman fi Ilmil Bayan and The Holly Quran
Homo Neanderthal is no more a fiction story in 2023. The Nobel Prize winner in Medicine, Svante Paabo, has done the sequencing of the genome of the Neanderthal. Yuval Noah Harari has mentioned some other species of human existence alongside those of Homo Neanderthal, Homo erectus, Homo soloensis, Homo rudolfensis, and Homo ergaster. Homo sapiens is a wise man. It can be surmised from the research of the genetic engineers that the forefathers of Sapiens used technology. The hunters hunted by using technology. The agricultural civilization is completely dependent on technology. The first and second industrial revolutions made Sapiens dependent more on technology. If the fourth industrial revolution gets fully materialized, then not only humans will be dependent on technology but man’s usual ability to work will become dependent on technology to a great extent. The mystery of a wise man’s birth and death, that is, the rise and fall of the birth or death rate will be dependent on technology. Man has controlled the birth rate rapidly. Man will delay the process of death using technology in future. Biological Engineering and Cyborg Engineering are advancing fast. Now, connecting artificial intelligence with man’s usual intelligence is no longer a science fiction. Cyborg engineering is the combination of the organic and the non-organic. Though the age of technology is the age of man, the philosophy of technology is new in the domain of knowledge. The philosophy of technology gets its sway in the main stream philosophy of after the first and second World Wars. The German philosopher Ernst Christian Kapp (1808-1896) first used the two words “philosophy of technology”. The philosophy of technology is one of the branches of knowledge in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Philosophy of technology and men in future
Ancient cities of riverine Bengal: In search for ‘the soul’ of the settlements
A town or city makes significant contributions to humanity. The city changes as a result of memory, aspiration, adversity, and success. A city has life to offer because of its unique personality. The city framework's understanding of the human condition is intrinsic, producing a collective awareness that embraces the concept of civic identity and encourages true empathy among its residents. This deep sense of belonging and interconnectedness is delicately woven into the fabric of the built environment, where the interaction of temporal, spatial, and material factors merge to create such an ambiance. Furthermore, despite the disputed and ever-changing nature of urban centers and human habitations, it is critical to recognize that recognizable and tactically organized progressions defined the city's genesis on deltaic terrain. Topography, the presence of resources, proximity to a commercial center, and religious conviction all affect the colony's potential. This phenomenology does not exclude the old cities of Bengal. Bengal has a long history of having many famous cities, suburbs, educational hubs, and villages. Bengal, followed by the riverine linkages, became a crucial trading route as these cities and settlements were connected to other inland ports. The geographic position of the delta land creation and the results of this position are appreciated; an old city's origins may provide a novel idea or narrative. However, the goal of this research is to comprehend the history and character of Bengal, an old metropolis. Additionally, the research would aim to define the "soul" of the city in its genuine and logical context. This study focuses on the desire to elaborate on the character of the historic cities in the riverine delta. Since rivers were once a prevalent feature of this particular landform, river-supported settlements were also created. Rivers bring wealth, but they can also bring misery. Rivers support trade. Since the Riverine Excel, all of these potentials have developed. A comprehensive study endeavor will be conducted to provide evidence for the significance of rivers and to capture the character of the historic towns in Bengal. The optimal approach for this scholarly inquiry would involve the exploitation of cartographic data and visual representations.
Saint Paul once was a prominent dedicated Jew. He was deadly against of the Christian Church. Accidentally he had changed his religious dogma and had joined himself in the Christian Church. He has been frequently called ‘the second founder of Christianity’. He technically added the Trinity doctrine in Christian religion. He declared Jesus Christ is a God; and there are three Gods, – God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit (or Holy Mother). These three personalities exist in one; Father, Son and Holy Spirit are one in essence, though in three hypostases. Whether all three are independent God or not; is Jesus a man or son of God or himself God; before the birth of son of God, Is Father only one God in the world etc.-questions arise among the Churches. Egyptian, Romanian and Greek Christian Pops had tried to solve the questions arranging many Councils meeting. But all are in vain to solve the questions. From East to West, all the Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant Churches have been continuing to make an acceptable explanation of Trinity. The charges in favor of it and disfavor of it are discussed in this article.
Rethinking Academic Freedom at Universities
Although the role of a university is to discover and disseminate new ideas, globally it is increasingly deviating from its ideal path due to some external pressures in recent years. Instead of becoming a place for alternatives and promoting free-space to question the status-quo, it is aligning itself to the current social structures, corporate values and bureaucratic invasions. The systematic intervention of such hegemonic forces has significantly shrunken the space for ‘academic freedom’, the lifeblood of a university. This study, therefore, reiterates the significance and necessities of academic freedom for cultivating new ideas, preserving democratic values and fostering societal progress instead of producing mere professionals and bureaucrats. In order to do so, this paper critically reexamines the very notion of ‘academic freedom’, its current state and the hurdles it must overcome.
Contours of Identity: A Polychromatic Study of Aravind Adiga’s Oeuvre
In this post-modern era, “Identity” has become a contingent concept. Identity is now a hypernym of ethnicity, nationality, religiosity, sexuality, multiplicity, and commonality and so on. This article attempts to make a comprehensive evaluation of the various aspects which contribute to the formation of multiple identities of individuals. With the radical structural change in society, identity has also lost its stable meaning. To deal with this fluid sense of identity human beings have to be more adaptive and selective at the same time. A person always remains in a maze of complexity because of the malleability of identity. Every human being in society is connected to a vast network of identities which lead them to a state of bafflement. Social, cultural and theological institutions of a society assign some fixed and stable identities for individuals. These acknowledged and institutionalized identities instead of becoming boons create more obfuscations and disorientation in their mind. Each of them lives with an array of complex and contradictory identities. Some identities serve instrumental purposes in sustaining inherent inequality, some accelerate the growth of narcissistic self and some other compel to cultivate pseudo superiority. So, this article taking into view Aravind Adiga’s oeuvre offers a polychromatic study into the formation of layered identity.
Pangs of Postmemory in Amitav Ghosh's The Shadow Line
In most of the historical fictions by Indian writers, the narrators play the role of either historians who chronicle the events of the past in macro mode or self-narrators who have been working through the trauma of the past using the self as a temporal armature in search for identity and spatiality in the present. Among the multitude of such works, The Shadow Lines of Amitav Ghosh stands out for conspicuous numbers of reasons. Although the novel is most popularly termed as a “memory novel” it also prods another new arena of academic research, postmemory. Whereas trauma studies in literature deal with first-hand trauma, postmemory concerns itself with the process of how trauma is transmitted to the next generation and its effect on them. Therefore, the paper aims to go beyond the given definition of postmemory and apply it in Ghosh’s novel The Shadow Lines to determine how the characters of the novel are affected by both non-traumatic and traumatic memories of the preceding generations, and how that is instrumental to their understanding and rendering of the world around them. This paper will also include the way postmemory plays a significant part in the formation of their ‘self’.
The Treaty of Versailles: Background and Effects
The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty signed between defeated Germany and the victorious allies in the First World War at the city of Versailles. This treaty was signed in 1919 in the city of Versailles of France. Representative of 32 countries of the world participated in the conference. The Allies held Germany only responsible for causing the First World War. It was through this treaty that the Allies forced Germany to pay war reparations and harsh unfair terms were imposed on Germany. The treaties were not negotiated but dictated by the victorious powers. Germany was contained in the treaty of Versailles. Germany was punished, disarmed and humiliated in the treaty of Versailles. All the unnecessary conditions were imposed to limit Germany’s military, political and economic power. German chancellor Joseph Vitt signed the treaty on behalf of Germany and US secretary of state Robert lensing signed the treaty on behalf of the Allies. Large sums of reparations were demanded on Germany to punish Germany. The people of Germany did not accept this loss but they were inspired instead by nationalism. This is why historians call the treaty of Versailles the seeds of the Second World War.
The Poetry of Jibanananda Das: Finding The Melody of Magical Realism
Different forms of reality have been exposed in modern literature. Another structure of reality called magic realism specifically developed in German by Weimer Republic art. In this climate of reality, literary and art critic Franz Roh (1890-1965) suggests that the adjective magic evokes the wonder of fantasy over logic, but the target here is the material world. As a form of narrative literature it is widely used in fiction. 30’s poet Jibanananda Das’s nameless sense of calamity, the desire to enter the womb of a day twenty-five years later or eight years ago, has the impression of narrative even in the short lines of the poetry. The combination of these senses creates a mystical veil in his poetry as well as generates a weird and fictitious reality that invites reader to think anew. This mystery is the embodiment of magical reality? A companion to fiction, how has magical realism influenced the poetics of Jibanananda? How is the poet’s poetic landscape in addition to this theory? In search of answers to these questions that arise in the mind of reader, this research-paper has been constructed.
Gananayaka: A Beacon of Hope against Despair
In order to keep the ethical ideals of the Bengali nation moving against the brutality of the 1975s, the textual essay Gananayaka (1976) by Sabyasachi playwright Syed Shamsul Haque (December 27, 1935-September 27, 2016) is a proof of hope against despair. Gananayaka is the central character of the play Osman, who is addressed as Gananayaka in the play. After the independence of the country in 1971, Gananayaka, discussed in the play, took over the power of independent Bengal. However, his state power was short-lived. History of Bengal has witnessed that he faced tough conspiracies and he was able to overcome the negative forces to counter those conspiracies. Playwright Syed Haque has been able to create metaphors very well with the story of the assassination of Gananayak and the picture of the overall situation in Bangladesh. The father of the nation, which in the eyes of the common man was only lost by murder, languishing in the stagnation of the unclaimed, was able to carry the seeds of his dream later with great prudence. There has been a lot of research on this great man of history, but very little research work has been done on Syed Haque's Gananayaka texts. In the socio-economic and political life of the Bengali nation, the group of assassins tried to spread doubts and confusion in the dark night of 75, collecting the seeds of research from there, the budding researcher will be active in carrying out the work. It should be noted that drama is created in a mixed way of imagination and reality. Although it does not directly apply reality, there is no room to express doubt about the artistic quality, but the reader does not have to suffer from any historical confusion with the Gananayaka play. Why the assassins were forced to go into hiding after the assassination of Gananayaka, is a very significant subject in the essay of Vakshyaman. In analyzing the political situation of the time, the contemporary researcher will be primarily concerned with the inquiry, in what way a leader becomes a republican. The essayist will conduct a research process based on a mixed method analysis of information and data subject to third party positions in a very conscious manner. The result will attempt to prove that Syed Haque's Gananayaka (1976) is clearly capable of instilling hope as opposed to despair.
‘Art of the city’ is dying: The Extinction of the Inherent Fabric in Northern Traditional Townships of Bangladesh
Cities are continuously evolving, driven by urbanization and changing lifestyles, which often intersect and conflict. The impact of climate change is increasingly threatening coastal areas, eroding valuable traditional environments. Concurrently, the encroachment and passage of time are leading to the gradual disappearance of the traditional neighborhoods within cities, posing a threat to our cultural identity. Traditional urban fabrics play a crucial role in a city's development, both actively and passively. The decay of a city can be viewed as an art form, transmitting culture, knowledge, and wisdom to its inhabitants, who are nurtured by traditional values and develop sensitive, cultivated minds. Spatial patterns in these environments motivate individuals by creating a conducive atmosphere. In contrast, modern cities, characterized by their sharp, gridiron layouts, often impose a manic, contemporary lifestyle on their residents. While new urban developments are guided by different principles, historic cities hold the potential to preserve and carry forward a rich legacy. This research paper explores the art of urbanism in various parts of the northern region of Bangladesh, closely examining the spaces and fabrics of ancient cities. The study focuses on the character and morphology of these historic urban fabrics, with particular emphasis on their analysis and documentation through sketches.