Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law
type: channel
description: Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law is an official journal of the University of Rajshahi that publishes research articles by teachers and researchers of the faculties/institutes (Arts, Law and Fine Arts) concerned as well as those from outside of the University.
publisher: University of Rajshahi
language: en
publication name: Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law
issn: 2309-0898
items: বুদ্ধদেব বসুর গদ্য: প্রাসঙ্গিক বিবেচনা
items: ইকবাল কাব্যে প্রেমদর্শন
items: উর্দু মঞ্চ নাটকের উত্থান-পতন: একটি পর্যালোচনা
items: উৎপল দত্তের নাটক টিনের তলোয়ার: স্বপ্ন ও স্বপ্নভঙ্গ
items: জ্ঞান-বিজ্ঞানের বিভিন্ন শাখায় মুসলিম আরবের সংযোগ স্থাপনে আল-বিরুণীর অবদান
items: ইসলামী শরিয়তে চতুষ্পদ জন্তুর যাকাতের নিসাব: একটি পর্যালোচনা
items: পারিবারিক বিরোধ নিষ্পত্তিতে আইনগত দুর্বলতা
items: ভারতবর্ষে নারীবাদ এবং মুসলিম নারীজাগরণে রোকেয়ার ভূমিকা ও অবদান
items: সমর সেনের কবিসত্তা ও সমাজমানস
items: ১৯৯০ এর দশকে বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট আন্দোলনের মতাদর্শগত দ্বন্দ্ব: একটি বিশ্লেষণ
items: An Assessment of the Financial Barriers to Women's Higher Educational Attainment in Alia Madrasah of Bangladesh
items: সপ্তম জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচন ও ডানপন্থী রাজনীতি: নির্বাচনী প্রচারণার ভাষ্য ও প্রভাব
items: মুয়াবিয়ার খিলাফতে বৈদেশিক সম্পর্ক: একটি ঐতিহাসিক পর্যালোচনা
items: মাইলপোস্ট: দেশীয় বাস্তবতায় নিরীক্ষণ
items: কাজী নজরুল ইসলাম, লাঙল ও বাংলার কমিউনিস্ট আন্দোলন: একটি পর্যালোচনা
items: রাজশাহী জেলার ঐতিহাসিক পটভূমি (১৯৪৭-১৯৭১)
items: Mythology in Translation: Kazi Nazrul Islam’s Bangla Poem “Dhūmkētu” in English Language
items: Transforming Face-to-Face Tertiary Level Teaching and Learning into Online Modalities in the Context of Bangladesh
items: পরিকল্পিত শিশু: প্রাচীন ধারণা থেকে সমকালিন বাস্তবতা
items: Decent Work for Informal Workers in Bangladesh: A Quest for Legal Safeguards
items: ঢাকা শহরের মুসলমান অধিবাসীদের প্রাত্যহিক জীবন (১৮৫৮-১৯৪৭)
items: Sino-Bangla Relation During the Ilyas Shahi Rule (1342-1487)
items: আরবীকাব্যে আবু তাম্মামের অবদান
items: The Nature of Wahi in Islam and Judaism: A Comparative Review
items: স্পেনীয় আরবী কাব্যে রাসূলস্তুতি
items: মাক্কী ও মাদানী যুগে যাকাত: আল-কুরআনের আলোকে একটি পর্যালোচনা
items: নিস্তারিণী দেবীর সেকেলে কথা: উনিশ শতকের নারী জীবনের দাহনযন্ত্রণা
items: মহাভারতের সমাজ: বর্ণ ও আশ্রম প্রথা
items: দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধে তুস্কের নিরপেক্ষতা ও বৃহৎ শক্তির চাপ
items: রবীন্দ্রযুগের চার কবি: উপনিবেশিত মনের অন্বেষা

বুদ্ধদেব বসুর গদ্য: প্রাসঙ্গিক বিবেচনা
type: item
description: Buddhadeb Bose is a major writer of Bengali literature. The range of his writings is huge and extensive. He is creative and thoughtful at the same time. He wrote a large number of poems, fiction and prose including research articles. There is also a confusion regarding where his excellence lies. We can understand his approaches to literary criticism by reading his prose writings, the main area of his diverse writing. Reading of his prose works gives a new direction of knowledge. As a matter of fact, he surpassed creative writing by his prose writing, in which he appears as a critic. This paper presents a convincing idea about the origin of Buddhadeb Bose’s prose and his humorous prose style.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Buddhadeb Bose
  topic: keywords
subject: Bose’s prose
  topic: keywords
subject: Bose’s humorous prose style
  topic: keywords
subject: Buddhadeb Bose's Prose
  topic: subjects
subject: Bengali Literature
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Abdul Khalek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 135
ending page: 145
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0663

ইকবাল কাব্যে প্রেমদর্শন
type: item
description: Dr. Mohammad Iqbal was a great Persian and Urdu poet, scholar, thinker and philosopher of the 19th and 20th centuries. Allamah Iqbal attempted to rouse the Muslims to a new sense of their destiny through his writings Dr. Mohammad Iqbal wrote many books in Persian, Urdu and English, like Payame Mashriq, Javid Nameh, Asrare khudi, Ramuz-e bekhudi, Jabure Azam, Musafire, Banggedara, Balezibril, Zarbe kalim, Ilmul Iqtisad, The Development of Metaphysics in Persia, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam etc. His Payame Mashriq written in response to Goethe's West-Ostriches Divan affirmed the universality of Islam. Javid Nameh is considered Iqbal's masterpiece. Its theme, reminiscent of Dante's Divine Comedy, shows the ascent of the poet. It is his poems which made him known throughout the world. His philosophical Position was articulated in the reconstruction of religious thought in Islam. Philosophy of love is a very important aspect of his poems. This paper discusses those aspects of his writings in some detail.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dr. Mohammad Iqbal
  topic: keywords
subject: great Persian and Urdu poet
  topic: keywords
subject: Allamah Iqbal
  topic: keywords
subject: Payame Mashriq
  topic: keywords
subject: Javid Nameh
  topic: keywords
subject: Musafire
  topic: keywords
subject: Ilmul Iqtisad
  topic: keywords
subject: Dr. Mohammad Iqbal
  topic: subjects
subject: Philosophy of Love
  topic: subjects
subject: Persian Literature
  topic: disciplines
creator: Shammi Rizwana Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 121
ending page: 133
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0655

উর্দু মঞ্চ নাটকের উত্থান-পতন: একটি পর্যালোচনা
type: item
description: Urdu literature is one of the modern literatures of the world. In the beginning, the prose literature of this language was confined only to allegorical fiction dealing with love. But when the sepoy mutiny took place in the Indian subcontinent, a new awakening began. As a result of this renaissance, Urdu prose literature has changed drastically and focused on every field of society. In particular, the education and reformist movement of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan led to the growth of Urdu prose fiction and the emergence of realistic society and life-based creative prose fiction. Drama is one of the most popular forms of literature in prose. It is of various types, such as stage plays, TV dramas, literary plays, radio plays etc. At one time, Urdu stage drama was very popular in many cities of the Indian subcontinent and it significantly influenced the society. But with the evolution of time and the advent of the film industry, both its popularity and influence are declining. This paper discusses the origin, growth and decline of Urdu stage drama
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urdu prose literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Urdu prose fiction
  topic: keywords
subject: realistic society and life-based creative prose fiction
  topic: keywords
subject: Urdu stage plays
  topic: keywords
subject: Urdu literary plays
  topic: keywords
subject: Urdu Stage Drama
  topic: subjects
subject: Urdu
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Mokarrom Hossain Mondal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 107
ending page: 120
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0653

উৎপল দত্তের নাটক টিনের তলোয়ার: স্বপ্ন ও স্বপ্নভঙ্গ
type: item
description: A writer usually presents his dream or vision of life in a piece of writing. The playwrights or the novelists weave dreams around the realities they are exposed to and these find expressions in their writings. But whether their visions are authentically and realistically portrayed in the plot and through the characters, incidents or episodes in their writings needs an examination. Tiner Tolowar is an artistic representation of the dream of Utpal Dutt's theatre and about the breaking of the dreams into an agonized realization of the reality that shatters his dreams. In the Tiner Tolowar the battle that unfolds in the theatre is a unique myth of how many dreams were woven but not fulfilled. The play shows how the theatre that has given a new person the honour, identity, and courage to dream ultimately has thrown him into the depth of despair over time, and in that humility, he has taken a new vow to fulfill his dream again. In such a way, the play dramatizes the recurrent pattern of dream, loss of dream and, having new dreams in life. This paper presents the picture of such struggle by some characters in Tiner Tolowar by famous plalywright and actor Utpal Dutt.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tiner Tolowar
  topic: keywords
subject: Utpal Dutt
  topic: keywords
subject: Theatre
  topic: keywords
subject: Utpat Dutt
  topic: subjects
subject: Tiner Tolowar
  topic: subjects
subject: Drama
  topic: subjects
subject: Theatre
  topic: disciplines
subject: Performing Arts
  topic: disciplines
creator: Imrul Asad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 97
ending page: 105
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0649

জ্ঞান-বিজ্ঞানের বিভিন্ন শাখায় মুসলিম আরবের সংযোগ স্থাপনে আল-বিরুণীর অবদান
type: item
description: Al-Biruni (362 AH/973 AD-440 AH/1048 AD) is one of the Muslim scholars who has played a pivotal role in various branches of science throughout the ages. He was a pioneer of science and has made outstanding contributions to almost every branch of science. At the end of the tenth century, when a stagnation almost engulfted the world of science, Al-Biruni was one of those who, in the pursuit of knowledge, saved science from serious stagnation. That is why it is no exaggeration to say that Al-Biruni is the foremost among all the famous men who created new trends in the world of science in the middle ages and led science in a new direction. Al-Biruni's biography is very significant for those who judge the golden moments of life in terms of principles and ideologies and hope to build their lives around those. His objective and impartial research in Indian epistemology has given him a permanent place in history. He is called the ‘Founder of Indology’. Nevertheless, the Muslim Ummah seems to have forgotten the contribution of Al-Biruni in recent time. Therefore, this paper highlights Al-Biruni’s contributions to science to familiarize the new generation with his life and contribution with glimpses of Al-Biruni’s short biography, books and his outstanding contribution to the connection of Mulsim Arabia in various branches of Science.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Al-Biruni
  topic: keywords
subject: Muslim scholars
  topic: keywords
subject: Founder of Indology
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Biruni’s contributions to science
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Biruni
  topic: subjects
subject: Islamic Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Gulshan Akter
creator: Muha. Mahbubur Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 77
ending page: 95
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0664

ইসলামী শরিয়তে চতুষ্পদ জন্তুর যাকাতের নিসাব: একটি পর্যালোচনা
type: item
description: The animal kingdom is huge and divided into different types. Very few of them are suitable for human utilization. This animal kingdom is the manifestation of the grace of Allah for the mankind. Many verses are there in the Qur'an about animals. Reviewing these verses, it is seen that two classes of animals are mentioned. There is Zakat on one class of animals and another class is void of Zakat, and all the animals on which Zakat is obligatory will not be payable until the amount reaches nisab. Generally, Zakat must be paid on three classes of four-legged animals. e.g., camel; Cattle or cattle quadrupeds, such as buffalo and goat or goat quadrupeds, such as sheep, ewes, etc. Besides that, some jurists have expressed the view that Zakat is obligatory on some other four-legged animals. The amount of nisab is also different for different four-legged animals. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the amount of nisab on different types of four-legged animals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Zakat
  topic: keywords
subject: Nisab
  topic: keywords
subject: Zakat on four-legged animals
  topic: keywords
subject: Zakat
  topic: subjects
subject: Islamic Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Islam Md. Ashraful
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 57
ending page: 75
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0660

পারিবারিক বিরোধ নিষ্পত্তিতে আইনগত দুর্বলতা
type: item
description: In Bangladesh, family courts were established by the Family Courts Ordinance (FCO), 1985 to assist the smooth and effective disposal of cases relating to family matters. Establishment of the Family Courts, a long demand of the people, in Bangladesh was a landmark step. At present, the Family Court of Bangladesh is governed by a limited number of Family Laws. The jurisdiction of the family courts is limited according to the FCO. The FCO is not flawless, and the flaws gave rise to some confusions and uncertainties. Limited application of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 in the Family Courts creates obstacles for access to justice. There are many loopholes and shortcomings in the FCO and other family laws which impede smooth functioning of the family courts. The FCO does not explicitly empower Courts to grant injunctions to prevent domestic violence. The FCO includes provision for forming and establishing separate family courts to deal exclusively with family disputes. Nonetheless, surprisingly no separate family court has been established yet, rather the court of Assistant Judge has been working as the Family Court Judge but the court of Assistant judge is already overburdened with other civil suits. The present FCO does not include any provision relating to counseling support service which is extremely necessary for providing assistance to the parties in resolving family disputes. Therefore bringing reforms in FCO is urgently required at the present moment. This article examines the loopholes in the FCO and other family laws of Bangladesh and suggests reforms for addressing the weaknesses of these laws.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: পারিবারিক বিরোধ নিষ্পত্তি
  topic: keywords
subject: পারিবারিক আদালত
  topic: keywords
subject: Family Courts Ordinance
  topic: keywords
subject: jurisdiction of the family courts
  topic: keywords
subject: Family Law of Bangladesh
  topic: subjects
subject: Law
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Abdur Rahim Mia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 27
ending page: 55
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0651

ভারতবর্ষে নারীবাদ এবং মুসলিম নারীজাগরণে রোকেয়ার ভূমিকা ও অবদান
type: item
description: The aim of this article is to show the origin of the feminist movement in India, and in this context, reveal the nature of multifaceted briliancies of Begum Rokeya. Feminist thought arose in this subcontinent under the influence of the west. Its development in the Muslim society was much delayed compared to the Hindu society. Rokeya was the pioneer of women’s awakening in Muslim society. She recognized education as a way of women’s self development. Rokeya procured to improve the status of Muslim women in society by writing literature and taking part in social activities. Her educational and social thoughts are manifested in her writings and life. In many other fields the radiance of her thought is diffused, but only these two aspects are highlighted here.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ভারতবর্ষে নারীবাদ
  topic: keywords
subject: মুসলিম নারীজাগরণ
  topic: keywords
subject: রোকেয়া
  topic: keywords
subject: feminist movement in India
  topic: keywords
subject: Begum Rokeya
  topic: keywords
subject: women’s awakening in Muslim society
  topic: keywords
subject: Feminist Movement in India
  topic: subjects
subject: Philosophy
  topic: disciplines
creator: SANDHYA MALLICK
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 15
ending page: 25
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0665

সমর সেনের কবিসত্তা ও সমাজমানস
type: item
description: Samar Sen, a Marxist poet and progressive activist, tried to build a new poetic movement. He also tried to point out the inequality of capitalist society, economic oppression and inhuman deprivation in his poetry. As an intellectual poet, he controlled his emotion and passion and dispassionately wrote about the socio-economic and political realities of India. He observed the sufferings of common people, hunger, and other crisis of the poorer section of people and became a citizen poet but Marxist in thought. This paper is an attempt to find out how he became a poet of intellect and with the force of emotions and excitement how he tried to unveil intellectual power.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Samar Sen
  topic: keywords
subject: Marxist Bengali Poet
  topic: keywords
subject: সমর সেনের কবিসত্তা
  topic: keywords
subject: বাংলা কবিতায় সমাজমানস
  topic: keywords
subject: Bangali Literature
  topic: subjects
subject: Bengali
  topic: disciplines
creator: Taufiq Zuhori Syed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0650

১৯৯০ এর দশকে বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট আন্দোলনের মতাদর্শগত দ্বন্দ্ব: একটি বিশ্লেষণ
type: item
description: This study examines the ideological and organizational crisis that struck the Communist Party of Bangladesh in the early 1990s, precipitated by the fall of the Soviet Union and the downfall of socialist governments in Eastern Europe. These global developments had a deep effect on left movements everywhere, especially in Bangladesh, where inner strife between reformist and orthodox groups deepened. The party faced a dual challenge: the need to reboot its ideological principles in response to a changing global context and the need to maintain internal unity in the face of competing strategic visions. Through an in-depth analysis of the events of 1991-1993, including party congresses, leadership conflicts, and ideological debates, this study highlights the way in which theoretical divergence led to political fragmentation. The research also investigates how dependence on Soviet ideological sponsorship influenced the party's structural volatility after 1991. In short, it is the argument of this paper that the ideological divide within the party was a reflection of international developments and an effort to reconcile socialism with the political reality of Bangladesh.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Communist Party of Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
subject: Collapse of Soviet Union
  topic: keywords
subject: Ideological conflict of CPB
  topic: keywords
subject: Reform vs Orthodoxy in Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
subject: Leftist movement crisis in Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
subject: Ideological Conflict of Communist Party of Bangladesh
  topic: subjects
subject: Leftist Movement Crisis in Bangladesh
  topic: subjects
subject: History
  topic: disciplines
subject: Political History
  topic: disciplines
creator: Naznin Sultana
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 197
ending page: 213
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0731

An Assessment of the Financial Barriers to Women's Higher Educational Attainment in Alia Madrasah of Bangladesh
type: item
description: The advancement of women's higher education in Alia Madrasahs of Bangladesh remains hindered by insufficiently examined financial constraints that emerge from structurally gendered socioeconomic imbalances. This study investigates how financial affordability, including familial resource allocation biases, rural dropouts linked to transport costs, institutional funding gaps, and other constraints, disproportionately limit women's higher education enrollment in urban, peri-urban, and rural Madrasahs. This research employs a predominantly qualitative approach, supplemented with some quantitative data, to address the financial challenges of women's higher education in Alia Madrasah. Analyzing survey data from 204 students across 9 institutions nationwide and interviews with KII's and the IDI's the research identifies systemic issues: (1) rural students incur higher hidden cost than urban peers; (2) very few accessed need-based scholarships, with no gender-targeted; and (3) a major portion of the families prioritized sons’ education when facing financial strain. The study concludes with policy recommendations, including the development of gender-sensitive financial aid programs and institutional reforms to enhance accessibility.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Women education
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial Barriers
  topic: keywords
subject: Alia Madrasah
  topic: keywords
subject: Women Education and Alia Madrasah of Bangladesh
  topic: subjects
subject: Islamic History and Culture
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sharif Hossain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 181
ending page: 196
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0733

সপ্তম জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচন ও ডানপন্থী রাজনীতি: নির্বাচনী প্রচারণার ভাষ্য ও প্রভাব
type: item
description: The Seventh National Parliamentary Election of Bangladesh, held on 12 June 1996, marked a significant turning point in the country’s political history. Beyond ending a prolonged phase of political stalemate, the election was notable for the strategic use of right-leaning political narratives within electoral campaigns. This paper examines how key political actors framed issues such as independence, sovereignty, nationalism, privatization of state-owned enterprises, market liberalization and religious symbolism as central themes in their campaigns. Drawing on election manifestos, campaign speeches, newspaper reports, and printed materials, this study employs discourse analysis to explore the nature and impact of right-leaning political strategies. The evidence points to these narratives were instrumental in shaping voter perceptions and behavior, influencing both short-term electoral outcomes and longer-term ideological alignments in Bangladeshi politics. By analyzing the language and strategies adopted by political parties, particularly the Bangladesh Awami League, Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Jatiya Parti and Jamat-e-Islami Bangladesh this research contributes to understanding the adaptability of party ideology, the politicization of religion, and the growing influence of economic liberalism in a transitional democracy. The study offers new insights into the interplay between ideology, campaign rhetoric, and electoral success, and provides a valuable framework for future studies on party politics and voter behavior in Bangladesh.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Seventh parliamentary election
  topic: keywords
subject: Right-wing politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Election menifesto
  topic: keywords
subject: Religious ideology
  topic: keywords
subject: Business elite
  topic: keywords
subject: Right-Wing Politics
  topic: subjects
subject: Seventh Parliamentary Election of Bangladesh
  topic: subjects
subject: Campaign Rhetoric and Influence
  topic: subjects
subject: History
  topic: disciplines
subject: Political Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hafij Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 155
ending page: 179
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0736

মুয়াবিয়ার খিলাফতে বৈদেশিক সম্পর্ক: একটি ঐতিহাসিক পর্যালোচনা
type: item
description: Hazrat Muawiyah (RA.) was one of the rulers in the history of the world who is remembered for his own merits. He set a unique example of valor, bravery and courage. In spite of being a controversial and extravagant ruler, his personal life remained incorrupted. Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufzan (RA.) ruled as the first Umayyad Caliph of Islam from 661 to 680 AD. regardless of the methods he adopted to seize power, historians have recognized him as an experienced ruler, a skilled diplomat and a fearless warrior. He became a caliph of Damascus and this initiated the concept of monarchy in the history of Islam. During his reign, a well-organized and policy strategy was followed in foreign relations. He focused on expanding the boundaries of the Islamic Caliphate as well as showing skill in establishing good foreign relations with the Byzantine Empire, North Africa, Transoxiana in Central Asia, Khorasan and other neighboring powers. Not only was his Caliphate consolidated but also extended both regionally and internationally. This policy helped him to lay the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate. This paper attempts to highlight the key aspects of foreign relations during his caliphate.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hazrat Muawiyah
  topic: keywords
subject: Muawiyan caliphate
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreign policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Asia
  topic: keywords
subject: North Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: Muawiyan Caliphate
  topic: subjects
subject: Foreign Policy in Islam
  topic: subjects
subject: Islamic History and Culture
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Hassan Reza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 139
ending page: 153
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0732

মাইলপোস্ট: দেশীয় বাস্তবতায় নিরীক্ষণ
type: item
description: This article explores Milepost (1962–64), a landmark play by Sayeed Ahmad (1931–2010) that signals a distinctive turn in Bangladeshi dramaturgy. Departing from Beckettian impulses, Milepost is constructed through mechanisms embedded in the articulation of indigenous reality. While a “milepost” typically refers to a roadside marker indicating distance from a particular location, Ahmad’s use of the term is metaphorically radical. In the play, the spatial limits of the titular milepost remain unknowable, mirroring the characters' uncertain trajectories and metaphysical disorientation—underscoring a profound existential crisis. Set against the backdrop of intensifying socio-cultural self-awareness, the article seeks to unravel the play’s inner significance through a critical interrogation of dramaturgical forms that, while bearing European imprints, remain unbound by rigid formalism. There exists a significant dearth of research on Sayeed Ahmad's oeuvre, particularly within the Bangladeshi academic sphere. Yet, his dramaturgy imaginatively reconfigures the theatrical landscape of the Bengali imagination, planting seeds for scholarly inquiry. While Milepost resists conventional realism, its aesthetic legitimacy remains unassailable. The play’s abstract layering—situating an inanimate object at the narrative center—compels both spectators and scholars toward deeper hermeneutical engagement. Anchored in the political and social matrix of pre-liberation Bangladesh, this study investigates how an object can be foregrounded as the protagonist within dramatic structure. Through a methodologically hybrid approach—combining positional neutrality with empirical observation—the essay endeavors to decode the dramaturgical and philosophical mechanics at play. Ultimately, it will argue that Milepost: Observing in Native Reality emerges as a cultural and historical vessel: a theatrical embodiment capable of reflecting the complexity and spirit of Bangladesh’s lived experience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Milepost
  topic: keywords
subject: Sayeed Ahmad
  topic: keywords
subject: Value of art
  topic: keywords
subject: Native history
  topic: keywords
subject: Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Milepost
  topic: subjects
subject: Drama
  topic: subjects
subject: Theatre
  topic: disciplines
creator: Fahmida Sultana Tanjee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 119
ending page: 137
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0726

কাজী নজরুল ইসলাম, লাঙল ও বাংলার কমিউনিস্ট আন্দোলন: একটি পর্যালোচনা
type: item
description: Langal, a weekly magazine edited by Kazi Nazrul Islam, played a pivotal role in the early communist movement in Bengal. Established in 1925 as the mouthpiece of the Labour Swaraj Party, Langal was the first publication in undivided Bengal to promote communist ideology openly. It became a powerful platform for advocating workers' and peasants' rights, social justice, and anti-colonial resistance. This paper examines Langal's contributions to Bengal’s leftist politics, analyzing its key publications, editorial stance, and impact on the growing communist movement. The magazine published translations of Marxist literature, discussions on class struggle, and critiques of British imperialism. Through Langal, communist ideals reached a broader audience, influencing political discourse and mobilizing the working class. By tracing the magazine’s history, this study highlights its significance as an intellectual and ideological force in shaping Bengal’s early communist movement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Undivided Bengal
  topic: keywords
subject: Communist movement
  topic: keywords
subject: Editor
  topic: keywords
subject: Class
  topic: keywords
subject: Bolshevik revolution
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazi Nazrul Islam
  topic: subjects
subject: Communist Movement
  topic: subjects
subject: Langal
  topic: subjects
subject: History
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sk. Asraf Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 93
ending page: 117
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0724

রাজশাহী জেলার ঐতিহাসিক পটভূমি (১৯৪৭-১৯৭১)
type: item
description: The period from 1947 to 1971 represents an era of profound transformation in the history of Bengal, the reflection of which is also clearly evident in regional history. In this context, an analysis of the historical landscape of Rajshahi district holds particular significance, as this region has long played a vital role as the administrative, economic, and cultural center of North Bengal. This article attempts a sharp observation of the evolution of the socio-economic, geographical, and administrative systems of the greater Rajshahi region in the post-1947 period. Alongside this, the obscure settlements of the present and whatever little exists have also been presented in the article. In other words, the present article endeavors to present the comprehensive history of Rajshahi district by analyzing its historical background, geographical and administrative evolution, and social and economic transformation during the aforementioned period and the time preceding it.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Historical
  topic: keywords
subject: Collector
  topic: keywords
subject: Society
  topic: keywords
subject: Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Rajshahi District
  topic: keywords
subject: Rajshahi District, Bangladesh
  topic: subjects
subject: History
  topic: disciplines
creator: Akikun Naher
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 83
ending page: 92
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0750

Mythology in Translation: Kazi Nazrul Islam’s Bangla Poem “Dhūmkētu” in English Language
type: item
description: This study assesses the translation quality of the mythological elements that appear – mainly as symbols – in Kazi Nazrul Islam’s seminal Bangla poem “Dhūmkētu.” The translators involved are Abdul Hakim, Kabir Chowdhury, Mustofa Munir and Sutapa Chaudhuri. Analyzing the data collected from both the original poem and its translations through qualitative textual analysis, it is found that the mythological references that enrich the original poem – including “Baiśvānar,” “Bāman Bidhi,” “Bhagabān-Abhimunyē,” “Daś abatār,” “Dēbarāj-dambhōli,” “Dhūrjaṭi-śikh,” “Mahākāl,” “Pināk,” “Praṇab-ninād” and “Śibēr Trinaẏan” – are variously treated by the translators. The elements that are entirely dropped and thus their cultural significance is suppressed in all the translated versions are the allusions to “Baiśvānar,” “Bāman Bidhi” and “Mahākāl.” The rest of the elements exhibit mixed findings; they are approximated in some versions of the poem but not approximated in the rest of the versions. Instances of mistranslation and the undoing of figures of speech like personifications and symbols are also found in the translated versions, revealing the loss of meaning, implication and original intent.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bangla poem
  topic: keywords
subject: Dhūmkētu
  topic: keywords
subject: translation
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazi Nazrul Islam
  topic: keywords
subject: Mythology
  topic: keywords
subject: Bengali Poetry
  topic: subjects
subject: Translation of Poetry
  topic: subjects
subject: English Literature
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Kamal Hossain Sharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 73
ending page: 81
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0738

Transforming Face-to-Face Tertiary Level Teaching and Learning into Online Modalities in the Context of Bangladesh
type: item
description: In this globalized world, intellectual capital (IC) becomes highly valued by people and governments, and tertiary education has undergone significant changes in both advanced and emerging countries. The transition is related to diverse elements of online modalities and how those factors differ from the face-to-face (f2f) mode. This shift to online teaching and learning is still at the initial stage for teachers and learners. In Bangladesh, transforming f2f tertiary-level teaching and learning into an online modality has bright prospects. But there are substantial challenges in bridging the gap between f2f and online modalities and ensuring fair access. Many institutions have transformed by using existing resources, while many struggle due to limited access to technology, poor digital literacy, and the high cost of the internet. Thus, this study discloses the start of online education with the use of technology. It also unveils the impact of tradition-bound brick-and-mortar campuses that fail to use new strategies and leadership for tertiary face-to-face teaching and learning in Bangladesh. We anticipate an integrated approach that will promote both f-to-f and online tertiary education as well as create the right academic environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Distance teaching learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Dispersed teaching learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Face-to-face teaching & learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
subject: Distance Teaching and Learning
  topic: subjects
creator: Rudaba Afrin Zitu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 63
ending page: 71
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0742

পরিকল্পিত শিশু: প্রাচীন ধারণা থেকে সমকালিন বাস্তবতা
type: item
description: Although artificial reproduction is a relatively veryuch contemporary scientific phenomenon, narratives of artificially created life can be traced across mythological, folkloric, and religious traditions. In Indian, Greek, Egyptian cultures, various accounts describe the possibility of generating life through non-natural means. Within medieval European thought, concepts such as the Homunculus and Paracelsus’s (1493-1541) notion of an artificially fashioned human being reflect this long-standing imagination of synthetic creation. In contrast, contemporary developments in biotechnology have transformed such imaginative constructs into a matter of scientific practice. A prominent example is the controversial case of Chinese researcher He Jiankui, who claimed to have produced the world’s first genetically edited babies, thereby igniting global debate. The emergence of artificial reproduction raises profound ethical, legal, and social questions. Issues such as the sanctity of life, bioethical responsibility, human dignity, moral accountability, and social justice have come to the forefront of scholarly and policy discourse. Consequently, many countries have enacted legal and regulatory frameworks to govern reproductive technologies. Nonetheless, widespread ethical consensus remains elusive, as societal acceptance of such practices is far from universal. The unresolved moral tensions underscore the uncertain trajectory of humanity’s engagement with artificial reproduction.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: autism
  topic: keywords
subject: bionic
  topic: keywords
subject: cell
  topic: keywords
subject: chromosome
  topic: keywords
subject: designer baby
  topic: keywords
subject: embryo
  topic: keywords
subject: gene
  topic: keywords
subject: genome
  topic: keywords
subject: genetic
  topic: keywords
subject: germline
  topic: keywords
subject: mutation
  topic: keywords
subject: mitochondria
  topic: keywords
subject: homunculus
  topic: keywords
subject: robot
  topic: keywords
subject: vitro fertilization
  topic: keywords
subject: sperm
  topic: keywords
subject: technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Philosophy of technology and men in future
  topic: subjects
subject: Philosophy
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Anisuzzaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 51
ending page: 61
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0735

Decent Work for Informal Workers in Bangladesh: A Quest for Legal Safeguards
type: item
description: By assessing the constitution of the people’s republic of Bangladesh, labor-related laws, and international conventions, the scenery of informal workers in Bangladesh is shown under this study. The Constitution of Bangladesh guarantees fundamental rights like non-discrimination in job, equitable pay, and social security etc. for all workers which are insufficiently implementable in case of informal workers. The Bangladesh Labor Act-2006 is to protect workers giving social security, occupational safety, health safety, fair wages both for men and women, etc. and unfortunately these are not clearly expressed for this informal workers’ class in our country. This situation leaves them vulnerable to unsafe working conditions, wage imbalance and job insecurity and other so on. International Labor Organization (ILO) plays the most vital role for workers worldwide. Bangladesh has accepted some of the key ILO conventions regarding forced labor, decent working time and equal remuneration whereas not adopted conventions on safe work environment, social security minimum standard etc. Additionally, these gaps block the alignment of labor laws with global perspective and restrain safeguards for informal workers. The study perceives remarkable deficiencies in legal coverage, enforcement, and international agreement with the suggestions of extending Bangladesh Labor Act’s protections to informal workers by ratifying related ILO conventions, and raising awareness about workers’ rights. Building up these frameworks is hard to ensuring equitable labor practices and achieving the Decent Work Agenda, fostering an inclusive labor market that upholds the dignity and rights of all workers in Bangladesh.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Decent Work
  topic: keywords
subject: Decent work Indicators
  topic: keywords
subject: Informal workers
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal safeguards
  topic: keywords
subject: Constitutional rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Bangladesh Labor Act
  topic: keywords
subject: ILO conventions
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Safeguard
  topic: subjects
subject: Informal Workers
  topic: subjects
subject: Law
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sabrina Jesmin Sultana
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 35
ending page: 49
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0721

ঢাকা শহরের মুসলমান অধিবাসীদের প্রাত্যহিক জীবন (১৮৫৮-১৯৪৭)
type: item
description: This study examines the quotidian existence of the Muslim community in Dhaka during the transformative British period (1858-1947). It examines the interplay of tradition, adaptation and socio-economic shifts. Dietary habits reflected a blend of local agricultural produce, riverine resources and influences from broader Islamic culinary traditions, often varying by social class. The difference between the rich and poor is clearly noticeable in the materials used and styles of housing. Attire generally consisted of traditional Islamic garments with variations in fabric and ornamentation, indicating social standard. Some western elements were also blended into attire. Muslim religious and social festivals were celebrated under the patronage of the Nawab’s Palace Ahsan Manzil. The dominant language was Bengali, often with regional dialects and a notable presence of Urdu and Persian. From this article, we will able to learn about these important aspects of the daily life of the Muslim in Dhaka during this period.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dhaka city
  topic: keywords
subject: Muslim residents
  topic: keywords
subject: Food culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Residence
  topic: keywords
subject: Attire
  topic: keywords
subject: Language
  topic: keywords
subject: Festivals
  topic: keywords
subject: History of Muslim Residents in Dhaka City (1858-1947)
  topic: subjects
subject: History
  topic: disciplines
subject: Cultural History
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sunzeda Keya Akter
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 13
ending page: 34
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0729

Sino-Bangla Relation During the Ilyas Shahi Rule (1342-1487)
type: item
description: The systematic study of intercontinental relations between different counties with Bengal in the medieval history is comparatively recent in India and Bangladesh. It is now generally agreed that without a proper study of the local and regional history, no correct study of the national history is possible. Again, the local and regional history though undoubtedly a part of a national history has its own political, economic, social, cultural and religious characteristics. China-Bangladesh relations are in general regarded stable in the literature, and the causes of stability in bilateral relations are inadequately explained often by overemphasizing the geopolitics of bilateral relations. Nonetheless, the geo-economics of China-Bangladesh relations is as significant as the geopolitics of the relations for both the current state of affairs in bilateral relations and their future. This article focuses on Sino-Bangla relations during the Ilyas Shahi rule (1342-1487. Primarily from the geopolitical and geo-economical perspectives, it explores the implications of the political and economic relations for bilateral economic relations, in particular, between China and Bangladesh, and, for bilateral relations in general between the two states.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bangla
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Ilyas Shahi rule
  topic: keywords
subject: Geopolitical relation
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime power
  topic: keywords
subject: Trade
  topic: keywords
subject: Silk route
  topic: keywords
subject: Sino-Bangla Relation
  topic: subjects
subject: Ilyas Shahi Rule
  topic: subjects
subject: Islamic History and Culture
  topic: disciplines
creator: Tanweer Muhammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-05-18
publication date: 2026-05-18
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0734

আরবীকাব্যে আবু তাম্মামের অবদান
type: item
description: Abu Tammam, an influential Arab poet of the Abbasid era, is best known for his masterpiece, the Diwan Hamasa. Born in Syria in the 9th century CE, Abu Tammam displayed exceptional poetic talent from a young age. His Diwan Hamasa is a collection of poems that celebrates courage, heroism, and noble virtues, recounting the lives and exploits of legendary Arab warriors and chieftains. The Diwan Hamasa stands as a testament to Abu Tammam's poetic brilliance and his ability to evoke deep emotions through his verses. It pays homage to the rich history and traditions of the Arab people, highlighting the values of loyalty, sacrifice, and resilience. Abu Tammam's mastery of language and his skillful use of metaphors and rhythmic structures set a new standard for poetic excellence, shaping the development of Arabic literature and influencing generations of poets. Even centuries after his passing, Abu Tammam's Diwan Hamasa remains an enduring testament to the power of poetry to capture the essence of human experience and elevate it to the realm of art. Its verses continue to inspire and resonate with readers, carrying the spirit of heroism and honor across generations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Abu Tammam
  topic: keywords
subject: Abu Tammam’s literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Arabic Poetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Diwan e Hamasa
  topic: keywords
subject: Abbasid era
  topic: keywords
subject: Arabic Poetry
  topic: subjects
subject: Arabic
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Farhadul Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: 161
ending page: 170
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0712

The Nature of Wahi in Islam and Judaism: A Comparative Review
type: item
description: This comparative review examines the concept of Wahi (revelation) in Islam and Judaism, exploring its nature, process, and theological significance in both traditions. In Islam, Wahi is central to the belief in God's guidance through prophets, with the Qur'an being the ultimate manifestation of this revelation. Judaism also emphasizes divine communication, primarily through the Torah and the role of prophets, although the nature and medium of these revelations differ in key aspects from Islamic views. The study highlights similarities, such as the belief in a transcendent God communicating His will, and contrasts in understanding the method and scope of revelation. The article further delves into the historical development of prophetic traditions and the role of scripture in shaping religious law and practice in both faiths. By comparing the theological nuances of Wahi, this review aims to offer deeper insights into the shared and unique features of these Abrahamic faiths.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wahi e Matlu
  topic: keywords
subject: Wahi e Gaire Matlu
  topic: keywords
subject: Ilham
  topic: keywords
subject: Quran
  topic: keywords
subject: Hadith
  topic: keywords
subject: Nature of Wahi in Islam and Judaism
  topic: subjects
subject: Islamic Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Mahbubur Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: 149
ending page: 160
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0718

স্পেনীয় আরবী কাব্যে রাসূলস্তুতি
type: item
description: The eulogy of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in Andalusian Arabic poetry represents a rich literary tradition that flourished in medieval Muslim Spain, known as Al-Andalus. This abstract delves into the nuanced expressions of reverence and admiration for the Prophet within the vibrant tapestry of Andalusian Arabic poetry. Andalusian poets, deeply steeped in Islamic spirituality and poetic sophistication, crafted verses that exalted the character, virtues, and teachings of Prophet Muhammad. Through intricate linguistic devices, vivid imagery, and profound symbolism, they portrayed the Prophet as the embodiment of divine guidance, mercy, and wisdom, drawing inspiration from the Quranic revelations and Hadith literature. Andalusian poets employed various poetic forms such as zajals, muwashshahat, and kharjas to express their devotion to the Prophet, each characterized by its unique rhythmic patterns and literary conventions. These poems not only celebrated the spiritual significance of Prophet Muhammad but also served as moral beacons, advocating for justice, compassion, and ethical conduct in society. The article will highlight on the Arabic poetry in Spain and origin and development of Eulogy in this era.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arabic poetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Eulogy of the Prophet (AM)
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Andalus
  topic: keywords
subject: Andalusian Arabic poetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Hadith literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Arabic Poetry
  topic: subjects
subject: Andalusian Arabic Poetry
  topic: subjects
subject: Islamic Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Golam Mowla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: 135
ending page: 147
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0713

মাক্কী ও মাদানী যুগে যাকাত: আল-কুরআনের আলোকে একটি পর্যালোচনা
type: item
description: Allah Ta'ala has sent numerous Prophets and Messengers throughout the ages with the aim of enlightening the misguided mankind with the light of guidance. After that, various heavenly texts were revealed to them. Among these books, the best and greatest book is Al-Qur'anul Kareem. The book was revealed by Allah Ta'ala in accordance with the needs of His beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) during the long twenty-three years of his prophetic life. As a result, certain laws of Islam were revealed at Makkah and some laws were revealed at Madinah. Zakat, one of the pillars of Islam, was also revealed in both the Makki and Madani eras. That is, some laws were revealed in Makkah before the migration of the Prophet (PBUH) and some laws were introduced in Madinah after the migration. So the scholars are on difference of opinion that whether the law of Zakat being obligatory was revealed in Makkah or Madinah. In this article, an attempt has been made to review the verses related to Zakat revealed in the Makki and Madani period.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Islamic economics
  topic: keywords
subject: Zakat
  topic: keywords
subject: Rights of the poor
  topic: keywords
subject: Makki era
  topic: keywords
subject: Madani era
  topic: keywords
subject: Zakat
  topic: subjects
subject: Islamic Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Ashraful Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: 111
ending page: 1`34
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0705

নিস্তারিণী দেবীর সেকেলে কথা: উনিশ শতকের নারী জীবনের দাহনযন্ত্রণা
type: item
description: The 19th century is quite significant in reviewing the history of the progress of Bengali women in undivided India. The caste system, the practice of Sati, the practice of child marriage, the practice of male polygamy, illiteracy, superstition, the dominance of feudal values, and the indifference of society and family towards women's education were the characteristics of that era. However, through the introduction of education and various social reform programs, Indian social reformers tried to enlighten the women of Bengal. This article pays special attention to the statements made by women about their own social status about themselves and other women in their own eyes. Although most of the Bengali uneducated women at this time were less aware of themselves. However, there were some women who opened up about their situation and expressed some things in their memoirs. Which were later published. Nistarini Devi is one such woman, whose memoirs were published under the name 'Sekele Katha'. Here she talked about her personal life, experiences and various issues of society. Sometimes she also expressed her opinions on various customs of society. In this article, I have tried to shed light on the harsh reality of Nistarini Devi's own life, the position of women in 19th century Bengal, social evils and the role of social reformers with the help of her memoirs. I have highlighted the social context of the time by showing the reactions of other contemporary Bengali women in these discussions. The main purpose of this article is to raise and explain these issues.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nineteenth century
  topic: keywords
subject: Bengali women
  topic: keywords
subject: Nistarini Devi
  topic: keywords
subject: Social evils
  topic: keywords
subject: Consciousness
  topic: keywords
subject: The Agony of Women’s Lives in the 19th Century
  topic: subjects
subject: Bangla
  topic: disciplines
subject: Bengali Literature
  topic: disciplines
creator: Monorama Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: 101
ending page: 110
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0730

মহাভারতের সমাজ: বর্ণ ও আশ্রম প্রথা
type: item
description: The Mahabharata is considered an epic, but its historical value is undeniable. The narrative, which has long been studied as an aural scripture, traces the history of Indian civilization from its inception to the development of urban life. In this sense, the structure of the social system of that time has been detailed in the book. One of the phases of this transitional period of society is the ‘Varnashram’ custom. Which is a combination of the words ‘Varna’ and ‘Ashram’ have both literal and philosophical meanings. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras– the four classes in this case, refer to ‘Varna’, and ‘Ashram’ means the four stages of caste-centered lifestyle: Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha and Sannyas. The social system of that time was regulated through this system. In this context, the Mahabharata is one of the principal sources of Indian social records. This essay, therefore, aims to analyze the social systems evolved through castes and ashrams over time with reference to the Mahabharata.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Mahabharata
  topic: keywords
subject: Varna
  topic: keywords
subject: Ashram
  topic: keywords
subject: Varnashram
  topic: keywords
subject: Social system
  topic: keywords
subject: The Society of the Mahabharata: Caste and Social Order
  topic: subjects
subject: The Mahabharata
  topic: subjects
subject: History
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hoymonty Shukla Kabery
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: 91
ending page: 99
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0723

দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধে তুস্কের নিরপেক্ষতা ও বৃহৎ শক্তির চাপ
type: item
description: The official name of Turkiye is the Republic of Turkiye. Turkiye is an important country in terms of geographical location. Turkiye comprises the entirety of the Anatolian Peninsula in south-west Asia and parts of the Southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula in south-east Europe. This area was very important from the point of view of military location. Throughout the history of human civilization, Turkiye has served as a bridge for the movement of people between Asia and Europe. Turkiye was a neutral country at the beginning of the Second World War. Because of its strategic importance, both the Allies and the Central Powers sought to recruit Turkiye to their side at the start of the Second World War. At that time, the Allies and Axis Powers invested in Turkiye to attract the country to their side. The Turkish general public and military officials were unwilling to participate in the Second World War. So it can be said that Turkiye was completely neutral in the Second World War. Turkiye did not participate in any groups.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Turkiye
  topic: keywords
subject: Germany
  topic: keywords
subject: The Second world war
  topic: keywords
subject: Treaty of Ankara
  topic: keywords
subject: Britain
  topic: keywords
subject: Bulgaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Italy
  topic: keywords
subject: Allied powers
  topic: keywords
subject: Russia
  topic: keywords
subject: Second World War
  topic: subjects
subject: WW-II
  topic: subjects
subject: Islamic History and Culture
  topic: disciplines
creator: Osman Gani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: 85
ending page: 89
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0727

রবীন্দ্রযুগের চার কবি: উপনিবেশিত মনের অন্বেষা
type: item
description: Initiated by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio in the first half of the 19th century, Anglo-Bangla poetry acquired a thoroughly colonial form in the second half of the 19th century. Michael Madhusudan Dutta and Biharilal Chakraborty later devoted themselves wholeheartedly to the colonial spirit. Rabindranath Tagore was their principal successor. Despite being driven by the West's colonial romantic spirit, he is the greatest poet of the Bangla language at the pinnacle of his creative thoughts and experience. Although he is not comparable to anyone in talent and creative works, several poets became quite famous during their lifetime in the first phase of Rabindra's era, that is, in the second half of the 19th century. Having remarkable expertise in European language and literature, some of them have strengthened the colonial future of Bengali poetry by presenting Western ideas in an Indian context according to the trend of the time. Surendranath Majumdar, Debendranath Sen, Akshay Kumar Baral and Dwijendralal Roy are among those poets with colonial disposition. This article mainly aims to assess the extent of colonization in their thinking.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nineteenth century
  topic: keywords
subject: Rabindra era
  topic: keywords
subject: Four poets
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonisation
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonised mentality
  topic: keywords
subject: Exploring the Colonized Mind
  topic: subjects
subject: Bangla
  topic: disciplines
subject: Bengali
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Abul Fazal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rajshahi University Journal of Arts & Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: 71
ending page: 84
doi: 10.64102/rujal.0722