Citations

Both research and non-research articles must refer to relevant, current, and validated literature (peer-reviewed when suitable) to back any assertions made in the piece.

 

You should steer clear of excessive and improper self-citation or collusion among author groups to inappropriately refer to each other’s work, as this may be regarded as a type of misconduct known as citation manipulation.

 

As the writer of a non-research piece (such as a Review or Opinion), it’s important to verify that the references you include are pertinent and offer a fair and balanced depiction of the existing research or academic work regarding the subject. Your references should not be unduly skewed in favor of any specific research group, organization, or journal.

If you have doubts about citing a source, you should reach out to the journal's editorial office for guidance.